France language learning pdf

The ne is placed before the verb, while the pas is placed after. He is [a] lawyer. Il n'est pas avocat. He is not [a] lawyer. Nous faisons nos devoirs. We are doing our homework. Nous ne faisons pas nos devoirs. We are not doing our homework. Je joue du piano. I play the piano. Je ne joue pas du piano. I do not play the piano.

Vous vendez votre voiture. You sell your car. Vous ne vendez pas votre voiture. You do not sell your car. Examples Il est belge.. He is Belgian. Il n'est pas belge. He is not Belgian. Nous lisons un livre. We read a book. Nous ne lisons pas de We do not read a book. Je mange une cerise. I eat a cherry. Je ne mange pas de cerise. I do not eat a cherry. Cold and Windy Weather Il fait chaud. It's warm. Il fait froid. It's cold. The skiy is clear. Il fait du vent. It's windy. The skiy is clearing up.

Le vent souffle. The wind blows. Le soleil brille. The sun is shining. It's snowing. The rain falls. Il y a un orage! There's a storm! Il pleut. It's raining. It rained. It's going to rain.

Le temps est pluvieux. G: Aller The verb aller is translated to to go. It is irregularly conjugated it does not count as a regular -er verb. Usage There is no present progressive tense in French, so aller in the present indicative is used to express both I go and I am going.

Aller must be used with a place and cannot stand alone. Instead of a preposition and place, you can use the pronoun y, meaning there. Y comes before the verb. Remember that aller must be used with a place there or a name when indicating that you are going somewhere, even if a place wouldn't normally be given in English. Remember that the negative goes around the conjugated verb. Liaison Usually, whenever a vowel sound comes after However, since allons and allez begins with vowels, nous allons is pronounced nyoozahloh and vous allez is pronounced voozahlay.

In order to have a pleasing and clean sound, two liaisons should not go connsecultively. To conjugate, drop the -ir edit lesson to find the "stem" or "root".

In English the possessive adjective agrees with the subject his sister, her brother. But in French, possessive adjectives act like all other adjectives: they must agree with the noun they modify.

Liaison and Adjective Changes Liaison occurs when mon, ton, and son are followed by a vowel. Liaison also occurs with all plural forms, since they all end in s. Mon, ton, and son are used before a feminine singular noun. Elision to m', t', or s' does not occur. To conjugate, drop the edit lesson -re to find the "stem" or "root". Add endings to the root based on the subject and comment tense, as demonstrated below for the present tense. Common -re Verbs Compared to -er verbs, -re verbs are not very common.

You will however see the following verbs fairly often. Consonant Masc. Vowel Fem. The grammar now becomes a lot more advanced, and each lesson now gives much more information. Also remember to go to the lessons planning page if you would like to help improve this course.

You will eventually learn everything that is covered in edit lesson it, but if you would like a preview, read it, and if not, continue on to the school comment section. List of Tenses There are seven perfect tenses in French. These are: 1. Le plus-que-parfait de l'indicatif The Pluperfect of the Indicative 3. Le plus-que-parfait du subjonctif The Pluperfect Subjunctive 4. Each tense and lists of irregular verb conjuagtions will be given later in this course.

Whereas American grade numbers go up as you approach your senior year, they descend in France. You will learn to conjugate it in the next section. While in English, you would say my hand or your hand, the definate article is always used in French. It is not necessary to add a preposition to the verb.

With most verbs, that auxililary verb is avoir. Auxiliary Verb - Avoir Conjugate avoir in the present indicative. We have played. You have played. He has played. They have played. The culture of France is diverse, reflecting live version regional differences as well as the influence of recent immigration.

Also, try and discussion reflect on how your culture is similar and different to French culture. Others are regular -ir or -re verbs or are ask a question simply irregular.

Voir is not a regular -ir verb, and is conjugated irregularly. How old are you? French butchers do not sell pork, pork products, nor horsemeat. For these products, go to a charcuterie. In France, bakeries only sell fresh bread; e. G: Object Pronouns Review Direct Objects While the subject of a sentence initiates an action the verb , the direct object is the one that is affected by the action.

A direct object pronoun is used to refer to the direct object of a previous sentence: Pierre vois le cambrioleur. Pierre sees the burglar. Pierre le vois. Pierre sees him. For example, in te phrase Je les ai eus, or I had them, the past participle would be spelled eus if the direct object, les, was referring to a masculine object, and eues if les is referring to a feminine object.

Indirect Objects An indirect object is an object that would be asked for with To whom? Il lui donne du pain. He gives bread to him. When me, te, nous, and vous are used in a perfect tense, the writer must decide whether they are used as direct or indirect object pronouns.

This is done by looking at the verb and seeing what type of action is being performed. The bread is given by the man direct. Pierre gets the given apple indirect.

G: -exer Verbs -exer are regular -er verbs, but also are stem changing. The stem change applies to all forms except nous and vous. However, when y is part of the last syllable, it changes to i in order to keep the ay sound. In the present indicative of -yer verbs, this affects all forms except nous and vous. Payer The verb payer translates to to pay.

Note of a frenchman : "Qu'est-ce que vous voulez? We use mostly "Que voulez-vous? Same for "C'est tout? Est-ce que vous avez des cerises? Marie : Oui Useful vocabulary here: "Qu'est-ce que vous avez The preposition de can indicate an origin, contents, possession, cause, manner, and several other things which will be covered later.

When le follows de, the de and le combine into du. Similarly, de and les combine into des. Some other verbs use sortir and partir as stems. One would normally use "une place" whenever "a seat" is used in English. Les films sont fascinants! Vous aimez les films? A common -rir verb is ouvrir. I went to the cinema.

I came to France. The train has arrived. She left to go to work. I stayed home. He returned to the restaurant. I fell into the pool. I was born in october. He died in I climbed to the top. He got out of the train. I went out with my friends.

He came back early from school. Subject-Past Participle Agreement The past participles of the above verbs must agree with the the subject of a sentence in gender and plurality. Note that there is no agreement if these verbs are conjugated with avoir.

Note that lui and leur, and not y, are used when the the object refers the a person or persons. Replacement of Places - there The French pronoun y replaces a prepositional phrase referring to a place that begins with any preoposition except de for which en is used.

Note that en, and not y is used when the object is of the preposition de. However, if the subject were to act on someone else, the verb is no longer reflexive; instead the reflexive pronoun becomes a direct object.

G: Pronominal Verbs Pronominal verbs are verbs that, put simply, include pronouns. These pronouns are me, te, se, nous, and vous and are used as either direct objects or indirect objects, depending on the verb that they modify.

There are three types of pronominal verbs: reflexive verbs, reciprocal verbs, and naturally pronominal verbs. Reflexive Verbs Reflexive verbs reflect the action on the subject. Reflexive verbs can also be used as infinitives. Reciprocal Verbs With reciprocal verbs, people perform actions to each other. Naturally Pronominal Verbs Some verbs are pronominal without performing a reflexive or reciprocal action. Tu te souviens?

Falloir is always used with the impersonal il only in the 3rd person singular, whereas devoir can be used with all subject pronouns in all tenses. Falloir expresses general necessities, such as "To live, one must eat" or "To speak French well, one must conjugate verbs correctly. Reflexive Verbs In perfect tenses, the past participles agree with the direct object pronoun, but not the indirect object pronoun, in gender and plurality.

Therefore it would only agree when the reflexive pronoun is the direct object. Also remember that the past participle does not agree with the direct object if it goes after the verb. It therefore agrees with all reciprocal pronouns that function as direct objects.

The reciprocal pronoun can also function as an indirect object without a direct object pronoun. Otherwise, the past participle agrees with the subject.

Note that assis e es , the past participle of s'asseoir to sit , does not change in the masculine plural form. The most common -ger edit lesson verb is manger.

For manger and all other regular -ger verbs, the stem change is comment adding an e after the g. This only applies in the nous form. In this case, the change is made to preserve the soft g pronunciation rather than the hard g that would be report an error present if the e were not included.

As learnt earlier, de and le contract combine into du, as de and les contract into des. Also, instead of du or de la, de l' is used in front of vowels.

When speaking about food, the partitive article is used at some times while the definite article le, la, les is used at other times, and the indefinite article un, une in yet another set of situations. In general "de" refers to a part of food a piece of pie whereas the definite article le refers to a food in general I like pie in general.

The indefinite article refers to an entire unit of a food I would like a whole pie. When speaking about preferences, use the definite article: J'aime la glace. I like ice cream. We prefer steak. Vous aimez les frites You like French fries.

When speaking about eating or drinking an item, there are specific situations for the use of each article. I ate the whole pie. I ate a pie. I ate some pie. In the negative construction, certain rules apply. As one has learnt in a previous lesson, un or une changes to de meaning, in this context, any in a negative construction. Similarly, du, de la, or des change to de in negative constructions.

We ate a pie. We ate some pie. Note : Now you should understand better how that "Quoi de neuf? G: En Note how we say Je veux du pain to say 'I want some bread'? But what happens when we want to say 'I want some' without specifying what we want? In these cases, we use the pronoun 'en'. As well, 'en' can mean 'of it' when 'it' is not specified. For instance, instead of saying J'ai besoin de l'argent, if the idea of money has already been raised, we can just say 'J'en ai besoin'.

This is because what en does is replace du, de la or des when there is nothing after it. Like with 'me', 'te' and other pronouns, en meaning 'some' comes before the verb. Tu joue du piano? Non, je n'en joue pas Do you play piano? No, I don't play it. Vous prenez du poisson? Oui, j'en prends. Are you having fish? Yes, I'm having some. Oui, nous en avons Did you order some water? In France, bakeries only sell fresh bread.

Do not confuse with le livre book. I would like G: -cer Verbs -cer verbs are ragular -er verbs, but are also stem changing. The most common -cer verb is commencer. Savoir is used to say that you know someone by reputation or that you know a fact or piece of information. In French, you call to someone, so the verb is used with indirect, and not direct, objects. G: Appeler Appeler is used to say what your name is. Appeler is a regular -er verb, but, as you may have noticed, is also stem changing.

This is a much more rigorous presentation of the French language. Several verb tenses will be introduced in this level, and there will now be more vocabulary sections in each lesson. But we didn't decide to stop there!

This level will include longer lectures about a lesson's subject and will introduce you to real French literary works and news articles, such as Jean de La Fontaine's Fables. Also remember that if you would like to help develop this course, go to the lessons planning page. V: Enlightenment, French Rev. Where are you from? If you are referring to a person, as in an Arab person or a Chinese person, the French equivalent is un Arabe or un Chinois.

However, if you are referring to the Arabic language or Chinese language, the French would not capitalize: l'arabe; le chinois. If the nationality is used as an adjective, it is normally left uncapitalized; un livre chinois, un tapis arabe. G: Perfect Tenses You will be learning several new perfect tenses in this level.

Review the grammar behind them. This time, make sure you know all the rules. Nous partirons en voiture et il y aura certainement beaucoup de bouchons sur l'autoroute. Vivement les vacances! Negation Either the conjugated verb or the infinitive can be negated, each meaning slightly different things.

Le chomage Audio : french native speaker Avant j'avais un travail : je travaillais dans une banque. Je n'ai plus de travail et j'en cherche tous les jours.

Je lis les petites annonces et j'envoie des lettres de candidature. Mais aujourd'hui, j'ai obtenu un entretien d'embauche.

Avec un peu de chance, j'obtiendrais le travail Formation Take away the ending and add on the following shown in the table. Nous -ons Parlons! Vous -ez Parlez! They do not display any inflection; that is, their form does not change to reflect their precise role, nor any characteristics of what they modify.

Formation In French, as in English, most adverbs are derived from adjectives. In most cases, this is done by adding the suffix -ment "-ly" to the adjective's feminine singular form. I am ill. I have a headache. When you're sick, tu es malade. I have a headache ; J'ai mal aux dents My teeth hurt. The man gives some bread to Pierre.

En Note how we say Je veux du pain to say 'I want some bread'? Tu joues du piano? An example in English edit lesson being: "We were singing when Dad came home. Every other verb uses the nous form of the present indicative as its root. Appeler All forms except nous and vous have the l doubled.

These pronouns are edit lesson me, te, se, nous, and vous and are used as either direct objects or indirect objects, comment depending on the verb that they modify. There are three types of report an error pronominal verbs: reflexive verbs, reciprocal verbs, and naturally pronominal ask a question verbs. Either the conjugated verb or the infinitive can be negated each with slightly different meanings. In perfect tenses, the past participles agree with the direct object pronoun, but not the indirect object pronoun, in gender and plurality.

Tu te souvenu? Some verbs have different meanings as pronominal verbs. In English, this is used in a phrase like "I had given him the toy before he went to sleep.

The plus-que-parfait can be used to indicate the occurrence of one before the other. Essentially, the past before the past. In French, the plus-que-parfait is formed by conjugating the auxiliary verb in the imparfait and adding the past participle.

I spoke French on one particular occasion. He was my friend when. Ils ont fait leurs devoirs. They did their homework. Il est venu. He came and I don't need to say when Il vint le lendemain. He came the day after. Il venait tous les jours. He had already come. It should be noted that these examples are making use of all the possible past tenses; not just the plus- que-parfait.

I danced. Tu -as Tu dansas. You danced. Il -a Il dansa. He danced. They danced. Infinitive Stem Je Others must be memorized.

I am more intelligent than you Je suis moins intelligent que toi. I am less intelligent than you Je suis aussi intelligent que toi. I am as intelligent as you. Adverbs Sub. Past Part. This construction is used to say that before an event occurs, something else "will have" occured by that time.

Il existe aussi de nombreux candidats soutenus par aucun parti. Il y a souvent entre 10 et 15 candidats au premier tour. Plural Notes Sing. However, when it goes after the noun, it means tall.

Likewise, when pauvre goes before a noun, it means unfortunate. When it comes after the noun, it means financially poor. This rule works most of the time, but be careful, "pauvre" can mean "financially poor" even when used before the nouns.

Beau, Nouveau, and Vieux Masc. Sing Masc. Plural Fem. Plural Cons. In French, they say "sa voiture" even if the owner is a male. It is not the owner who determines the gender of the possessive adjective but the object owned.

There are some nouns that express entities with gender for which there is only one form, which is used regardless of the actual gender of the entity, for example, the word for person; personne; is always feminine, even if the person is male, and the word for teacher; professeur; is always masculine even if the teacher is female. The Indefinite Article In English, the indefinite articles are "a" and "an".

In addition to the nuances between vous and tu, as discussed in lesson 1, French pronouns carry meanings that do not exist in English pronouns. Almost million people speak Russian worldwide. Of these, about million consider it their mother language and million are Russian citizens. The expansion of this language is linked to the history of Russia. Obviously, it is the official and mother language of this eastern country, but it is also influential in countries that were under the domination of the Russian Empire first, and the Soviet Union later.

Worldwide there are more than million native Spanish speakers. Naturally, the pronunciation and use of Spanish at the oral level varies from country to country, but regional differences are not so important as to make the language incomprehensible to speakers from different regions. Contrary to popular belief, no single Spanish is spoken. There are different dialects of Spanish due to the evolution of the language in different regions. The Spanish-speaking population represents one of the highest growth segments in the world, especially in the United States.

The Spanish-speaking segment constitutes a huge community that shares products, services and culture; and offers businesses and institutions a truly unique growth opportunity.

On the other hand, as a foreign language, Spanish is the second most studied language in the world after English, with at least 14 million students, although other sources indicate that there are more than 46 million students distributed in 90 countries. Portuguese is one of the few languages that, when listened to, transmits all the essence of its culture, whether Brazilian or Portuguese.

A language spoken by more than million people and ranked sixth in the world as the most spoken mother tongue, ahead of German or French. It is the official language of Brazil , which is also known as Brasileiro. From a strictly linguistic point of view, it is a dialect of Portuguese that offers some phonological, syntactic and lexical differences from it. In general, the term Portuguese applies to both varieties. The grammar of Portuguese is similar in morphology and syntax to the grammar of most Romance languages , especially to the grammar of Galician and the grammars of other languages of the Iberian Peninsula.

Portuguese is a fusional and synthetic language. Spelling is the set of rules that regulate writing. It is part of the normative grammar as it establishes the rules for the correct use of letters and punctuation marks. Orthography is born from a convention accepted by a language community to preserve the unity of the written language. The institution in charge of regulating these rules is usually known as the Language Academy.

We live in an era where handwriting is no longer necessary, and this distances us considerably from language; as if this were not enough, all the devices we use to process text are prepared to assist us, either by correcting our mistakes, or by preventing us from making them, thanks to their function known as «autocomplete».

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